UT.6.01

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UT.6.01x

Az UT.6.01x egy online kurzus, ami a Tiva C lauchpad-ről és a beágyazott rendszerekről szól.
A kurzust Jonathan Valvano és Ramesh Yerraballi tartja.
Ezen az oldalon a kurzusból idézett szöveg kiemelések, táblázatok és képek vannak, ezeket használom jegyzetnek.

C1 Bevezetés

Folyamatosan gyűjtöm az anyagokat és fordítom, ahogy lehet

C2 Alap fogalmak

Bináris számok és rendszerek

Hexadecimális számok

Hex Digit

Decimal  Value

Binary Value

0

0

0000

1

1

0001

2

2

0010

3

3

0011

4

4

0100

5

5

0101

6

6

0110

7

7

0111

8

8

1000

9

9

1001

A or a

10

1010

B or b

11

1011

C or c

12

1100

D or d

13

1101

E or e

14

1110

F or f

15

1111

Beágyazott rendszerek

Processzor típusok: x86 (ált. asztali gép), ARM.
"Az I/O az a ragasztó, amivel a processzor kapcsolódik a világhoz."
Tervezési szempontok: tesztelhetőség, haszon, energia igény, méret, megfelelő válasz megfelelő időben.
Human-computer interface (HCI) or man-machine interface (MMI).
Tipikus példa: multiméter.


Bevezetés a számítógépekhez

Neumann architecture

Számítógép = proceszor + RAM + ROM + IO.
Neumann architecture, "A port is a physical connection between the computer and its outside world. Ports allow information to enter and exit the system."
"A bus is a collection of wires used to pass information between modules."

A busz vezetékek gyűjteménye, amit a modulok közti információ cserére használunk.

Harvard architecture

ARM®Cortex™-M processor. "separate data and instruction buses" 

Külön adat, és utasítás buszok.

"The nested vectored interrupt controller (NVIC) manages interrupts, which are hardware-triggered software functions. " A beágyazott irányítható megszakítás-vezérlő - NVIC

Fogalmak

A microprocessor is a small processor.

A microcomputer is a small computer that includes a processor, memory and I/O devices.

A microcontroller is a single chip computer.


IO portok

CPU regiszterek

ISA Instruction set architecture

MEMORY MAP LAYOUT

RAM (random access memory)

ROM (read only memory)
ROM-ok:

Static RAM (SRAM)

Programmable ROM (PROM) 10000 times slower RAM

Electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM)

"In regular EEPROM, you can erase and program individual bytes. " 

FLASH ROM

"Flash ROM is a popular type of EEPROM. Each flash bit requires only two MOSFET transistors. The input (gate) of one transistor is electrically isolated, so if we trap charge on this input, it will remain there for years."

"Each flash bit requires only two MOSFET transistors The input (gate) of one transistor is electrically isolated, so if we trap charge on this input, it will remain there for years. The other transistor is used to read the bit by sensing whether or not the other transistor has trapped charge."

"Flash ROM must be erased in large blocks. On many of Stellaris family of microcontrollers, we can erase the entire ROM or just a 1024-byte block."


"Because flash is smaller than regular EEPROM, most microcontrollers have a large flash into which we store the software. For all the systems in this class, we will store instructions and constants in flash ROM and place variables and temporary data in static RAM."

"Flash ROM is higher density because it requires few transistors compared to RAM."

Software

CortexM_InstructionSet.pdf Instruction Set Reference Manual https://courses.edx.org/c4x/UTAustinX/UT.6.01x/asset/CortexM_InstructionSet.pdf

CortexM4_TRM_r0p1.pdf Cortex-M4 Technical Reference Manual https://courses.edx.org/c4x/UTAustinX/UT.6.01x/asset/CortexM_InstructionSet.pdf

LaunchPadUsersManual.pdf LaunchPad Manual

tm4c123gh6pm.pdf Data Sheet for the TM4C123 microcontroller

C3 Elektronikai alapismeretek

Ohm törvény

R = V / I

I = V / R

R = V / I

P = V * I   Power = Voltage  * Current

P = V2 / R  Power = Voltage2 / Resistance           

P = I2 * R  Power = Current2 * Resistance

Energia

Elemekre: 

E (energia)= V (feszültség) * I (áramerősség) * time (idő)

E-> állandó ; V -> állandó, az idő vagy az I csökkentésével csökkenthetjük a felhasznált energiát.

C4 Digitális logikai műveletek

D Logikai műveletek

A

B

AND

NAND

OR

NOR

EOR

Ex NOR

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Symbol

A&B

~(A&B)

A|B

~(A|B)

A^B

~(A^B)

Boolean Algebra

A & B = B & A
A | B = B | A
(A & B) & C = A & (B & C)
(A | B) | C = A | (B | C)
(A | B) & C = (A & C) | (B & C)
(A & B) | C = (A | C) & (B | C)
A & 0 = 0
A | 0 = A
A & 1 = A
A | 1 = 1
A | A = A
A | (~A) = 1
A & A = A
A & (~A) = 0
~(~A) = A
~(A | B) = (~A) & (~B)
~(A & B) = (~A) | (~B)

Commutative Law
Commutative Law
Associative Law
Associative Law
Distributive Law
Distributive Law
Identity of 0
Identity of 0
Identity of 1
Identity of 1
Property of OR
Property of OR
Property of AND
Property of AND
Inverse
De Morgan’s Theorem
De Morgan’s Theorem

Large numbers reference

Value

SI          Decimal

SI          Decimal

 

Value

IEC          Binary

IEC          Binary

10001

k

kilo-

 

10241

Ki

kibi-

10002

M

mega-

 

10242

Mi

mebi-

10003

G

giga-

 

10243

Gi

gibi-

10004

T

tera-

 

10244

Ti

tebi-

10005

P

peta-

 

10245

Pi

pebi-

10006

E

exa-

 

10246

Ei

exbi-

10007

Z

zetta-

 

10247

Zi

zebi-

10008

Y

yotta-

 

10248

Yi

yobi-


C4 Beveztés a C-be

Háttér

A C nagyon népszerű nyelv (2013-ban a programok 18%), több programot írnak C-ben mint Javaban, PHP-ben, Python-ban vagy Perl-ben.
Szintén nagyon népszerű még Objective-C és a C++ is. 

A C nagyon vas közeli, a beágyazott rendszerek pedig az I/O-kra (GPIO-kra) épülnek.

A C felépítése

Punctuation

Meaning

;

End of statement

:

Defines a label

,

Separates elements of a list

( )

Start and end of a parameter list

{ }

Start and stop of a compound statement

[ ]

Start and stop of a array index

" "

Start and stop of a string

' '

Start and stop of a character constant


Változók (variables)

Data type

Precision

Range

unsigned char

8-bit unsigned

0 to +255

signed char

8-bit signed

-128 to +127

unsigned int

compiler-dependent

 

int

compiler-dependent

 

unsigned short

16-bit unsigned

0 to +65535

short

16-bit signed

-32768 to +32767

unsigned long

unsigned 32-bit

0 to 4294967295L

long

signed 32-bit

-2147483648L to 2147483647L

float

32-bit float

±10-38 to ±10+38 

double

64-bit float

±10-308 to ±10+308

Műveletek, operátorok

Operation

Meaning

 

Operation

Meaning

=

Assignment statement

 

==

Equal to comparison

?

Selection

 

<=

Less than or equal to

< 

Less than

 

>=

Greater than or equal to

> 

Greater than

 

!=

Not equal to

!

Logical not (true to false, false to true)

 

<< 

Shift left

~

1’s complement

 

>> 

Shift right

+

Addition

 

++

Increment

-

Subtraction

 

--

Decrement

*

Multiply or pointer reference

 

&&

Boolean and

/

Divide

 

||

Boolean or

%

Modulo, division remainder

 

+=

Add value to

|

Logical or

 

-=

Subtract value to

&

Logical and, or address of

 

*=

Multiply value to

^

Logical exclusive or

 

/=

Divide value to

.

Used to access parts of a structure

 

|=

Or value to

 

 

 

&=

And value to

 

 

 

^=

Exclusive or value to

 

 

 

<<=

Shift value left

 

 

 

>>=

Shift value right

 

 

 

%=

Modulo divide value to

 

 

 

->

Pointer to a structure


Precedence

Operators

Associativity

Highest

() []. ->  ++(postfix)  --(postfix)

Left to right

 

++(prefix)  --(prefix)   !  ~ sizeof(type) +(unary)

 -(unary)  &(address)  *(dereference)

Right to left

 

*   /   %

Left to right

 

+   -

Left to right

 

<<   >>

Left to right

 

<    <=   >   >=

Left to right

 

==  !=

Left to right

 

&

Left to right

 

^

Left to right

 

|

Left to right

 

&&

Left to right

 

||

Left to right

 

? :

Right to left

 

=   +=   -=  *=  /=  %=  <<=  >>=  |=  &=  ^=

Right to left

Lowest

,

Left to right



Kulcsszavak

Keyword

Meaning

__asm

Specify a function is written in assembly code (specific to ARM Keil™ uVision®)

auto

Specifies a variable as automatic (created on the stack)

break

Causes the program control structure to finish

case

One possibility within a switch statement

char

Defines a number with a precision of 8 bits

const

Defines parameter as constant in ROM, and defines a local parameter as fixed value

continue

Causes the program to go to beginning of loop

default

Used in switch statement for all other cases

do

Used for creating program loops

double

Specifies variable as double precision floating point

else

Alternative part of a conditional

extern

Defined in another module

float

Specifies variable as single precision floating point

for

Used for creating program loops

goto

Causes program to jump to specified location

if

Conditional control structure

int

Defines a number with a precision that will vary from compiler to compiler

long

Defines a number with a precision of 32 bits

register

Specifies how to implement a local

return

Leave function

short

Defines a number with a precision of 16 bits

signed

Specifies variable as signed (default)

sizeof

Built-in function returns the size of an object

static

Stored permanently in memory, accessed locally

struct

Used for creating data structures

switch

Complex conditional control structure

typedef

Used to create new data types

unsigned

Always greater than or equal to zero

void

Used in parameter list to mean no parameter

volatile

Can change implicitly outside the direct action of the software.

while

Used for creating program loops

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